> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.voxworks.ai/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Allowed Functions

> The Code Step is deny-by-default. Any function or method not listed here fails validation before execution.

## Deny by default

The Code Step validator rejects any function or method call that is not on the allow-list below. Validation runs before execution, so disallowed calls never run.

***

## Built-in Functions

```python theme={null}
abs(value)      all(values)       any(values)   bool(value)
dict(value)     enumerate(values) float(value)  int(value)
len(value)      list(value)       max(values)   min(values)
print(*values)  range(stop)       round(value)  set(value)
sorted(values)  str(value)        sum(values)   tuple(value)
```

`print(...)` writes a user-facing system note for Code Step diagnostics. It supports multiple values plus `sep` and `end`; multi-line output is split into separate system notes. `range` accepts `range(stop)`, `range(start, stop)`, and `range(start, stop, step)`.

## Allowed Methods

```python theme={null}
value.append(item)     value.endswith("x")  value.get("key")
value.join(items)      value.lower()        value.lstrip()
value.replace("a","b") value.rstrip()       value.split(",")
value.startswith("x")  value.strip()        value.upper()
```

Most allowed methods are string methods. `get` is allow-listed for dictionary-style values, and `append` is allow-listed for list-building.

***

## Flow Helpers

```python theme={null}
coalesce(value, default)
is_empty(value)
is_not_empty(value)
map_value(key, mapping, default)
```

* `coalesce(value, default)` — returns `default` when `value` is `None` or `""`
* `is_empty(value)` — true for `None`, `""`, `[]`, or `{}`
* `is_not_empty(value)` — the inverse of `is_empty`
* `map_value(key, mapping, default)` — lowercases and strips string keys before lookup

## Type Helpers

```python theme={null}
is_string(value)   is_number(value)
is_list(value)     is_dict(value)
```

`is_number` returns true for `int` or `float`, but false for `bool`.

## Object and Path Helpers

```python theme={null}
get_variable(ref, default)          set_variable(ref, value)
get_object(type_id, path, default)  set_object(type_id, path, value)
get_path(obj, path, default)        set_path(obj, path, value)
commit_contact_timezone(iana, state, city)
commit_composite_outputs()
```

Prefer `{{...}}` placeholder syntax for normal variable access. Use these helpers when working with dynamic dictionaries inside the code.

* `commit_contact_timezone(iana, state, city)` — validates an Australian IANA timezone, updates the current contact's `timezone` and `location`, refreshes runtime calendar timezone state, and writes the canonical `{{contact.*}}` and `{{timezone.*}}` result variables. With no arguments it reads `{{timezone.resolved_iana}}`, `{{timezone.resolved_state}}`, and `{{timezone.resolved_city}}`.
* `commit_composite_outputs()` — inside a sub-flow, commits declared parent composite output variables before the sub-flow returns, and returns the sorted output ids it mapped. Outside a composite context it returns an empty list.

## Date Helpers

```python theme={null}
now()       today()
parse_datetime(value)
format_datetime(value, fmt)
timezone_offset(iana, at)
```

`parse_datetime` uses Python ISO parsing:

```python theme={null}
parse_datetime("2026-05-29")
parse_datetime("2026-05-29T14:30:00")
```

`timezone_offset(iana, at)` returns the UTC offset for an IANA timezone at a specific datetime. If `at` is omitted it uses the current datetime; if `at` has no offset it is treated as local wall time in the supplied timezone. Invalid input returns `""`.

```python theme={null}
timezone_offset("Australia/Sydney", "2026-06-02T10:00:00")
```

## Random Helpers

```python theme={null}
random_int(min_value, max_value)
random_choice(values)
random_shuffle(values)
```

* `random_int(min_value, max_value)` — an integer between the bounds, inclusive
* `random_choice(values)` — one item from a non-empty list, or `None` when empty
* `random_shuffle(values)` — a shuffled copy of the list; the original is not mutated

## Regex Helper

```python theme={null}
regex_match(pattern, value)
```

```python theme={null}
def run():
    email = {{contact.email}}
    return regex_match(r"^[^@\s]+@[^@\s]+\.[^@\s]+$", email)
```

## JSON Helpers

```python theme={null}
json_loads(value)   json_dumps(value)
```

Parse a JSON string into Python data:

```python theme={null}
def run():
    raw = {{webhook.response}}
    data = json_loads(raw)
    return bool(data.get("email"))
```

Serialize Python data into a JSON string:

```python theme={null}
def run():
    payload = {"email": {{contact.email}}, "active": True}
    {{webhook.response}} = json_dumps(payload)
    return True
```

***

## Not Allowed

* `import` or `from ... import ...`
* Filesystem, network, shell, or subprocess access
* Reflection and dynamic execution — `eval`, `exec`, `compile`, `open`, `__import__`
* Dunder names or dunder attributes
* Lambdas, nested functions, classes
* Any unlisted function or method

***

## Next Steps

* [Code Step overview](/tools/code-step/overview) — The `run()` contract and variables
* [Examples](/tools/code-step/examples) — Common patterns and troubleshooting